Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are gases released into the atmosphere from natural processes and human activities that trap heat and contribute to the greenhouse effect. These emissions are a major driver of global warming and climate change. Primary GHGs include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Scope 1 refers to direct GHG emissions controlled or owned by an organization. Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling consumed by an organization. Scope 3 encompasses all other indirect emissions that occur in the value chain, including both upstream and downstream.